American railroad stations or depots as the smaller buildings are commonly known were once an all too common sight in our country as almost every town large and small could claim one which was largely due to the fact that railroads once went literally everywhere reaching almost any and every town.

While Pennsylvania Station in New York City was without question this countrys most famous railroad station and arguably the most beautiful along with the New York Centrals Grand Central Terminal those which served the smaller towns and cities across the country were much more than just buildings to load and unload passengers. For many years until the automobile became a reliable means of transportation the railroad depot was the center of life for these towns and cities as it was the only means to and from the outside world for almost everyone unless you would rather take the journey by horseback which would not only take much longer but also was very grueling and tiresome. Because the depot was the focal point of small towns the phrase down by the depot became commonplace.

Not only was the depot used to board and deboard your train wherever it may be taking you but it also nearly always delivered the goods you purchased. For instance if you had a small business such as a farm and needed a few items shipped that were either sold or up for sale you would simply stop by the depot and talk with the station agent who would set you up with a price which was determined by weight and give you a receipt known as a waybill.

And the same can be said if you had an items waiting at the depot to be picked up. When you believed it had arrived much like postal mail you simply stopped down at the depot and asked the station agent about items you were awaiting.

In many ways what railroads did back then before automobiles became reliable and efficient is much the same thing that trucking companies and deliverers like UPS and FedEx do today by shipping small mostly lightweight items. Of course what made the idea profitable for railroads back then by shipping merchandise of any kind large and small was the fact that they were the most reliable and quickest means of transportation they had a near monopoly on the market which is a major reason why they were regulated so heavily by the government and in turn caused the catastrophic industry collapse in the 1970s.

It was this waiting for something to arrive shipping your goods and catching the train that fostered a community gathering at the depot and many folks went down simply to mingle and talk about the latest things going on in the area with their neighbors. Because remember back during the latter half of the 19th and early 20th centuries most folks did not live in the large cities being scattered about in small towns and communities and most of those were in the country. So with no other means of transportation other than either on foot or horseback traveling was often long compared to today and not that comfortable which made for fewer trips to town and usually only when necessary.

However the local and often small hometown depot was not the only type of railroad station constructed and as the railroad industry progressed and grew so did its stations which became more and more ornate and grand ultimately culminating in this countrys and perhaps to even some extent the worlds greatest and most stunning station to ever be built New York Citys grand Pennsylvania Station better known as Penn Station constructed by the mighty Pennsylvania Railroad PRR and opened in 1910. These large and grand stations however worked on essentially the same principal as their smaller siblings with folks mingling and coming together. The one difference of course is that these larger stations moved many more people and often included additional features such as restaurants shops and other amenities. One other difference is that large stations typically did not take small local freight shipments to either be loaded of offloaded as this work was handled at a specialized freight depot designed simply for that purpose to load and offload freight shipments.

Railroad stations built during the 19th and early 20th century also were true works of art many with designs which reflected the Victorian or Roman eras as well as being constructed many times from the very same materials such as marble and crystal which is a big reason why many are preserved and so coveted today especially after the loss of Penn Station which used countless tons of many different types of marble in its construction. Even the stations and depots from that same time period built from wood and/or brick also were constructed with beautiful designs in mind many of these are from the Victorian era which is why those smaller towns and cities who have preserved their stations and depots take such pride in them and realize their beauty is unmatched and many times these buildings are the centerpiece efforts in revitalizing their downtown areas whether the tracks still remain in place and used or not.

As the automobile came of age however and our highway infrastructure became much more reliable the local railroad station fell from importance and no longer was the most essential building in towns. As the 1950s came so went the local depot in most smaller towns where the car or truck was much more accessible and reliable for the short to medium travels folks in those areas made it was also a huge financial drain on the railroads to maintain these smaller depots where the little passenger traffic there quickly dried up after World War II so they were very happy to discontinue these trains and shutdown the depots if possible. And by the 1960s even the larger and more prominent railroad stations were not immune to closure or demolition as was the case with Penn Station.

Penn Station in many ways would be the spinning image of the rise and fall of the railroad industry itself through the 1970s as the PRR was desperate for cash during the 1960s and ordered its demolition to sell off the property and air rights. While many other railroad stations would meet a similar fate between the 1950s and 1970s the loss of Penn Station signaled a change in this countrys attitude towards its historic structures as the outrage in the aftermath of its loss triggered a movement to preserve these buildings the result of which thwarted later efforts to demolish the New York Centrals beautiful and breathtaking Grand Central Terminal also located in New York City.

While Penn Station is no longer with us and the local depots use for both freight and passengers has long since disappeared in favor of more efficient and faster means of transportation the grand stations loss was a wakeup call to this country and aside from Grand Central Terminal a number of other large and small stations and depots across the country have since been saved and preserved for use as both hometown community buildings to their original intent as a place for passengers to catch their train to wherever their journeys may be taking them.

For more reading about railroad stations please visit the website below:

http://americanrails.com

About the writer:nbsp;nbsp;Professor Dr. Ibrahim KhalilProf. of Clinical and Chemical PathologyHead of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control UnitAinShams University. Cairo Egypt.And President of the Egyptian Society of Inventors.Member of the Egyptian union of Writers

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In diagnosing ADHD sometimes mistakes are made and the child does not have ADHD at all! Let me give you just two examples. If a child has a milk allergy then some of the symptoms are quite similar to ADHD such as hyperactivity. Another example is where a child is extremely intelligent and gifted and starts to act out at school. The reason is that he has become bored and is looking for something to do while he waits for the rest of the class to catch up! While he does that he may be distracted squirm and become impulsive. This then is one of the problems in overdiagnosing ADHD as the costs to society and family life are extremely high.

Let us assume that diagnosing ADHD in your child’s case is correct you are now faced with the challenge of how to treat it and make sure your child grows up to be a wellbalanced adult. In the multimodel study organised by the National Institute of Mental Health NIMH a combination of child behavior therapy together with medication came out best especially for kids who were suffering from sort of oppositional disorder ODD.

In diagnosing ADHD lots of attention is given to features of behavior and how he or she behaves in certain situations and environments. It is not surprising then that child behavior therapy is now so highly regarded and that the results over time are realistic and long lasting. You may have problems in implementing some rules but the whole concept of child behavior therapy is based on a step by step approach centred round time and scheduling and routines at home.

There is a system of rewards and consequences and the child is praised a lot for good behavior. There are lots of behavior plans available on the Internet so that part is the easy bit ! You have to work out what are the most important behaviors that your child needs to function in school at home and with friends. By focusing on the essential ones and working on them one by one you can achieve an awful lot. The main point to remember is that everything is noted and improvement is always rewarded. Everyone needs praise and we adults crave it all the time ! If good behavior or any small success like in getting on both shoes in the morning is not praised this may lead to a low self esteem and a certain amount of frustration.

These then are the problems and challenges in diagnosing ADHD and in establishing ground rules in the home if you opt for child behavior therapy. The great thing is that they will work for the whole family and will be an anchor in the stormy sea.

The reason is that he has become bored and is looking for something to do while he waits for the rest of the class to catch up! While he does that he may be distracted squirm and become impulsive. This then is one of the problems in overdiagnosing ADHD as the costs to society and family life are extremely high.

Let us assume that diagnosing ADHD in your child’s case is correct you are now faced with the challenge of how to treat it and make sure your child grows up to be a wellbalanced adult. In the multimodel study organised by the National Institute of Mental Health NIMH a combination of child behavior therapy together with medication came out best especially for kids who were suffering from sort of oppositional disorder ODD.

In diagnosing ADHD lots of attention is given to features of behavior and how he or she behaves in certain situations and environments. It is not surprising then that child behavior therapy is now so highly regarded and that the results over time are realistic and long lasting. You may have problems in implementing some rules but the whole concept of child behavior therapy is based on a step by step approach centred round time and scheduling and routines at home.

There is a system of rewards and consequences and the child is praised a lot for good behavior. There are lots of behavior plans available on the Internet so that part is the easy bit ! You have to work out what are the most important behaviors that your child needs to function in school at home and with friends. By focusing on the essential ones and working on them one by one you can achieve an awful lot. The main point to remember is that everything is noted and improvement is always rewarded. Everyone needs praise and we adults crave it all the time ! If good behavior or any small success like in getting on both shoes in the morning is not praised this may lead to a low self esteem and a certain amount of frustration.

These then are the problems and challenges in diagnosing ADHD and in establishing ground rules in the home if you opt for child behavior therapy. The great thing is that they will work for the whole family and will be an anchor in the stormy sea.

About the writer:  Robert Locke is a Health enthusiast who specializes in Children’s Health. He has written extensively on ADHD. Discover how ADHD behavioral therapy can change your life.

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Despite the obviously expensive venture that is trying to get yourself a higher college education there are a number of ways that you can cut these high costs and still get your degree. For all the ideas currently floating the media the single greatest money saver you can conjure up is opting to attend a community college. It is no exaggeration to say that choosing to spend your first two years studying in a community college could literally save you thousands to tens of thousands of dollars.

As a testament to the superior decision in alloting your first two years to a community college the primary opposition to this idea comes from the vocal business driven universities. Although a high quality long term education can come from these schools they are not primarily intended to be a service of learning and have a financial aim to them. It should go without saying that armed with a need to maintain a customer base as much as a student body universities’ objectivity should probably be brought into question in this case.

The truth of the matter is for the first two years of at one of these smaller colleges you are still accruing credit that can later be transferred to a university if that is your ultimate decision. If pure learning is something that interests you this may actually be better in the long term as universities usually teach their newer students in large open auditoriums where you will be packed to the brim with your classmates. Meanwhile a grad student will likely do the majority of the lecturing as the professor is often too busy digging into his research.

But once more it cannot really be understated the financial burden that would be lifted by deciding to go to a local school. As their name implies community colleges are intended to appeal to the local community which are usually in short commuting distances. This allows you to save a great deal of money not only in tuition but will also cut back on moving costs and you will not have to pay for expensive lodging as you can go to school while staying in your own home.

However it’s also important to understand that you will not get a four year degree from these colleges and therefore they need to be regarded as a money saving alternative to entry level education not a different source of your bachelor’s. Therefore you should consider making a savings account filled with the thousands of dollars you’ll be saving by opting not to leap straight into one of the bigger expensive schools. These can all later be applied to the cumbersome financial burdens that will come later.

In addition many states offer incentives bonuses and financial assistance to families that are interested in participating in school as long as they are currently enrolled in a community college. These excellent programs also fundamentally lock in your eventual tuition fees as long as you are planning to go to a university later and will help by freezing the costs preventing you from suffering from the burden of future inflation. This is an important thing to plan for as the cost of school tuition is only rising with no signs of stopping.

If you want to pursue your higher education there really is no better route than starting your first two years in a community college. Whether you’re simply planning to accrue your two year or four yeer degree the money saved there can turn into money well spent elsewhere especially in a futher eduction.

About the writer:  Abhishek is a Career Counselor and he has got some great Online Education Secrets up his sleeves! Download his FREE 64 Pages Ebook “Online Education Made Easy” from his website http://www.CareerGuru.com/2/index.htm . Only limited Free Copies available.

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The white wanted to kill the slaves hope of ever going home or ever being free and that is why they wanted to discourage them from the practices that made them hope to be free. The whites wanted the slave to belong to them forever and that is white the slave states were so much against the abolishment of slave trade during the civil war. The slave feared that the collective effort of preserving the African culture and religious ceremonies would sow the seeds of disobedience unrest and perhaps even rebellion and the only way of killing the African religious ceremonies was to introduce convert them to Christianity.

The population of the African American population both free and slaves was large and the whites felt that the best way to limit their freedom would be to limit their religious ceremonies as they brought them together. Because of the racial prejudice and the ignorance about the sophisticated cultures and religion that the Africans had for which many of them were slaves southern whites were convinced that the free blacks would be a threat to the white survival and especially if they were allowed to continue practicing their religious ceremonies. So the southerner believed that the slavery was necessary as part of the race control.

The economic role that the slaves played was important. The white southerners did not believe that they could do the backbreaking labor that was required in the farms. The southerners were determined to maintain the slaves after the revolution and this began the fatal division between the free states and the slave states that led to the sectionalism and untimely to the civil war.

While the revolution of 17761783 created the American nations the civil war of 18611865 preserved the American nation from destruction and determined in a large measure the sort of a nation America would be. As James McPherson wrote in his book ordeal by fire: The civil war and the reconstruction the war in one way or another reconstructed the America nation.

About the writer:  The article was produced by the writer of EssayPaper.net. Rachel Hewlett is a 7years experienced freelance writer. Contact her to get more information about essay structure and thesis writing tips.

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Mostly parents sign up with lt;a href=”http://www.jrplongisland.com”gt;kids modelinglt;/agt; classes just to get their children a platform to perform and come out of their inhibitions if any. Many a times you will find parents and children alike trying to seek some sort of self actualization through all these acting classes. Whats the most appealing thing about these classes and workshops is that they really provide your child with an option to showcase their talent to the world.

With proper training and guidance your child can learn to trust his or her own instincts and learn some new things that will nurture and garnish his hidden talent well. These schools do give a wonderful access and opportunity which makes it a tad bit easier for a kid to enter into the world of acting and modeling. There are many things which one should consider before signing up for any kids modeling classes.

In fact there are a whole bunch of things which needs to be taken care of before you plan your childs entry into the gruesome yet glamorous world of modeling. One should think about hiring a licensed agent for their child who helps them in building contacts and meeting the right people. Also before taking up any modeling assignment one should go in for a background check on the hiring company for any possible scams or fraud agreements.

There are plethoras of acting schools and acting classes these days and it becomes quite difficult sometimes for people to choose one school amongst them. One should always go in for a school according to their requirements. If they want to join acting for fun then one should go in for local parks and recreational acting classes. If one seriously wants to enter the commercial world then it is better to go in for professional child acting and child modeling schools student films etc. But one must not forget the most important thing building a career for your child into the world of kids modeling isnt that important. What is important is your childs self esteem and overall selfconfidence development!

About the writer:  www.jrplongisland.com is an acting school giving shape to the dreams of millions of children around the world with their special child acting kids modeling and child modeling in their accomplished acting schools.

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Charles Marie de la Condamine was a French explorer physicist geographer and mathematician born in Paris on January 28 1701. His early interests in science led to his participation in the most important scientific mission of the times: in the early 1730s there was a dispute as to whether the earth was wider around the equator or around the poles. Sir Isaac Newton argued the Earth was wider around the Equator; the French geographer Cassini argued otherwise.

The King of France and the French Royal Acadmie des Sciences sent two teams to find out the answer one to Lapland and another to South America. La Condamine as a young and promising member of the Acadmie des Sciences became a part of the mission that was sent to South America by that body in 1735 to establish the length of a degree of the meridian in the vicinity of the Equator so that it could be compared to the length of a meridian in Lapland and thus answer the question; this work also laid the foundation for the determination of the length of a meter.

The group also included Louis Godin des Odenais Pierre Bouguer and two officers of the Spanish marine Antonio de Ulloa and Jorge Juan y Santacilia. The latter two represented the Government of Spain on the journey and also made independent observations in the interior. They landed in Colombia and journeyed overland to Panama then sailed to Ecuador. A local governor and scientistmathematician Pedro Vicente Maldonado traveled through the rainforests with Condamine. They sailed up the Esmeraldas River and then went up the Andes Mountains arriving in Quito on June 4 1736.

Condamines mandate was to find out the shape of the earth by using a meridian and thus ascertaining the flattening of our globe toward the poles. Once in Ecuador he began his work establishing a base line and making a reasonably accurate triangulation of the precipitous parts and the western sections of Ecuador. There he made one of his discoveries that high mountains deflect the pendulum by their attraction.

Condamine Godin and Bouguer were soon involved in disagreements. They finished their measurements by 1739 measuring the length of an arc of one degree at the Equator but they got word that the Lapland expedition had already finished their work and had proven that the Earth is flattened at its poles. The three went their separate ways and in 1743 Condamine began his return trip. The others chose to return to Europe by way of the better known route from Ecuador to Panama and by ship to Europe. Condamine decided to follow the longer yet more scientifically interesting path of crossing the Andes and entering the Amazon basin from the east with a fourmonth raft voyage down the Amazon River.

The route Condamine chose began at the furthest traversable reaches of the Maran River and went on through the treacherous pass at Pongo of Manseriche for the express purpose of seeing the pass. Traveling on a raft built by his guides Condamine had quite a few close calls not only with his life but also the eight years of research and scientific instruments he was carrying back to France.

After passing through Pongo of Manseriche where the river narrowed from 1500 to 150 feet across Condamine again almost lost his raft and work before emerging out of the mountains and onto the flat plain of the Amazon Basin. The raft arrived at a settlement on the river at Borja where a priest provided him with a map of the area and accompanied him for the next portion of the voyage.

The expedition changed from rafts to two large canoes at Borja each 44 feet long and 3 feet across. La Condamine must have felt safer in the new canoes with rowers paddling day and night because he took up the task of measuring and mapping the river. In late July the group arrived at the spot where the large Ucayali River meets the Amazon and Condamine observed the Omaguas a tribe first stumbled upon by the missionary Padre Fritz years before.

Several explorers of the New World in the preceding two centuries had brought back news of native poisontipped arrows that brought speedy death by paralysis. These lethal arrows were generally used for hunting animals and they were occasionally used against the European explorers and soldiers. Natives called the toxic herb ourari which became curare to the Europeans. Condamine collected samples of the curare and brought them back when he returned to France. He also discovered that curare was only poisonous when in contact with blood; it could be ingested without consequences as many native foods included the same ingredient.

He also noted local rubber production techniques calling the substance caoutchouc after the local term for weeping wood. Caoutchouc was named rubber in the 1770s after English scientist Joseph Priestley noticed that the substance could be used to erase pencil marks from paper. American inventor Charles Goodyear discovered vulcanization a method of treating rubber to make it strong and elastic in 1839 when he unintentionally dropped a combination of rubber and sulfur on a hot stove.

Condamine sent back some rolls of crude rubber in 1736 together with a report of the products manufactured from it by the people of the Amazon Valley. General scientific interest in the substance and its properties was revived. In 1791 the first commercial application of rubber kicked off when an English manufacturer Samuel Peal patented a method of waterproofing cloth by treating it with a solution of rubber in turpentine.

Natural rubber for commercial use is taken almost exclusively from Hevea brasiliensis a tree native to South America where it grows wild to a height of 34 meters 120 feet. Hevea only grows within a welldefined area of the tropics and subtropics where frost is never encountered.

As an explorer and physicist Condamine ranks very high though because of his ambition and inclination to controversy he was a disagreeable character. The topographical work done by him or under his direction suffered from the comparative imperfections of the instruments in use at his time but the results obtained were amazing. Not only in physiography and physical geography but in other branches also his mission opened a new perspective to investigation. Father Fritzs maps the only available of the Amazon at the time were corrected by Condamine and Condamines version closely resembles todays Amazon.

He stayed in South America for ten years and wrote excellent descriptions of his travels notably the Journal dun voyage fait par ordre du roi lquateur. He is considered the first explorer to visit the Amazon in search of knowledge and for scientific reasons. Previous visitors did so either in search of wealth El Dorado or souls Jesuits.

About the writer:nbsp;nbsp;Secretrio Estadual de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Econmico Amazonas Brasil / Secretary for Planning and Economic Development State of Amazonas Brazil
www.dminev.com

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If you are an adult suffering with ADD then you might recognise that although it is easy to say slowing down can be a very difficult if not impossible thing to do at first glance.

No matter who you are there are numerous things that have to be done and all too often little time available to get them done. So then your mind starts to work at high speed in an attempt to achieve as much as it can and more. The result can be stress at not being able to meet your requirements leading to you getting upset about the fact that it looks impossible. Because of this you use up lots of time worrying and unfortunately little time enjoying yourself.

Whilst slowing down can be a complex thing to achieve it can be done. Here are six established methods to assist you to slow your brain ADD or otherwise:

1. Put down your work

Set business hours and no matter what is left at the end of the day walk away. Stand by your rules. Even though it is going to seem necessary to work overtime avoid it at all cost. You will work better and more efficiently during the shorter hours of the day knowing that you must leave at a set time. And take weekends or at least a couple of days a week off.

2. Commit to a regular obligation

Commit to a reason to get out of your house or out of your office each week. You may want to attend a class possibly something that you have always wanted to do. Make sure that you ‘pay’ in advance for the class so that you have a reason to attend.

3. Arrange for a break with others

Few things are as enjoyable as having a night out with friends. This may be with colleagues with friends with family or with members of another group.

4. Keep a diary

Writing in a diary requires that you stop think about what you want to say and then act on what you think. It helps you to deal with nervous tension and achieve clearness. make a resolution to write every day even if only for a few minutes!

5. Switch your computer off two hours before bed

Because computers are an access point to interesting things for ADDers you can find yourself sitting at a computer until the early hours of the morning completely oblivious to what is happening around you. To make sure that this doesn’t happen to you switch the computer off at least 2 hours before you plan to go to sleep so as to suitably relax and slow down at night.

6. Meditate

There are diverse methods of meditation so find one that suits you but you may want to consider mindfulness meditation. This is the action of keeping your mind in the present whether you are walking working or washing dishes. Make an effort to keep your mind in the here and now not the past or future.

It is fine to start doing this little by little with short sessions spent in mindful meditation daily possibly only 5 minutes at a time after that building your performance as you become more at ease.

About the writer:  Abhishek has got some great ADHD Secrets up his sleeve! Download his FREE 76 Pages Ebook “Understanding And Treating ADHD!” from his website http://www.HealthWhiz.com/67/index.htm .Only limited Free Copies available.

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Aspectos religiosos: La Cosmogoniacute;a egipcia.

No son los proyectos de los hombres los que se realizan sino la voluntad de Dios; Ptahotep NACK 1996:110

En la vida religiosa de los egipcios nos sale al encuentro una caoacute;tica multiplicidad de nombres y figuras de divinidades. Esto se debe a que antes de la unificacioacute;n del reino cada una de las tribus; que poblaban los oasis del Nilo teniacute;an su propio dios protector y de que ademaacute;s la religioacute;n egipcia descansa sobre una multiplicidad de potencias divinas ya que estos creiacute;an que el alma separada de la materia actuacute;a como rectora de la existencia orgaacute;nica. Estas almas viven en todas las cosas y todos los seres vivos y son la causa de los fenoacute;menos naturales.
Los egipcios son los maacute;s religiosos de los hombres; deciacute;a Heroacute;doto. La creacioacute;n del mundo Como la mayoriacute;a de los pueblos primitivos tambieacute;n los egipcios intentaron explicar el origen del universo que se puede resumir la explicacioacute;n de esta manera: Deciacute;an que al principio solo existiacute;a el Oceacute;ano. Del caos de las aguas inmensas surgioacute; el mundo coordinado. Un huevo emerge del mar y de eacute;l nace el dios solar Ra. Tiene cuatro hijos: Sju y Sefnut Geb y Nut. Geb el dios de la tierra tiene la forma de un hombre tendido que corresponde al estrecho y largo del valle del Nilo; sobre su espalda crecen plantas. Nut es levantada al espacio encima de su marido y se convierte en la diosa del cielo que se inclina sobre la tierra. Geb y Nut son luego los padres de las dos parejas de divinas Osiris e Isis Set y Nephtys. Asiacute; pues el mito cosmogoacute;nico egipcio no trata de la creacioacute;n del mundo de la nada sino de una separacioacute;n y ordenacioacute;n del caos. De este mito de la creacioacute;n surgioacute; la concepcioacute;n de la eneacute;ada un grupo de nueve divinidades y de la triacute;ada formado por un padre una madre y un hijo divinos. Sin embargo la maacute;s importante eneacute;ada fue la de Ra y sus hijos y nietos. Este grupo era venerado en Helioacute;polis el centro del culto al Sol en el mundo egipcio. Como ya hemos dicho cada una de las ciudades de Egipto teniacute;an su grupo de dioses distintos de los de las ciudades vecinas. En Menfis el dios principal se llamaba Ptah; en Tebas Amoacute;n; en Helioacute;polis Ra; en Abydos Osiris; en Denderah el personaje principal era la diosa Hathor. Aunque el uacute;nico dios importante que fue venerado de manera constante fue Ra jefe de las deidades coacute;smicas de quien los primeros reyes egipcios se proclamaban descendientes. Eran efectivamente un pueblo que se ocupaba mucho de su religioacute;n. El dios principal de ellos era el dios sol al cuaacute;l imaginaban de distintas formas y le atribuiacute;an diferentes nombres; entre ellos: Ra a quien representaban como un rey majestuoso en la imaacute;gen junto a Osisris vestido a la manera del Faraoacute;n. Lleva a la cabeza el disco solar coronado por una serpiente siacute;mbolo del fuego devorador del sol del estiacute;o. Boga a traveacute;s de los aires en una barca conducida por vigorosos remeros. En cuanto se alza en el horizonte los rayos vivos de sus ojos penetran en todos los seres y le dan fuerzas; 112:1996. Va de pie en la caacute;mara de su barca y desde alliacute; combate y derrota a todos sus enemigos. Todas las noches desciende detraacute;s del horizonte y efectuacute;a el mismo recorrido por el mundo subterraacute;neo. Su salida y puesta de exactitud matemaacute;tica su curso anual que nada puede influenciar hacen de eacute;l el siacute;mbolo del orden universal el celador del Derecho y de las relaciones entre las criaturas humanas. GRIMAL 1996: 158 La casa sacerdotal de Ra vio como aumentaba gradualmente su influencia en la corte hasta que en la V dinastiacute;a se convirtioacute; en costumbre asociar el nombre del faraoacute;n con el del dios. Seguacute;n la leyenda los soberanos descienden de Ra por lo cuaacute;l llevan el tiacute;tulo real: Hijo de Ra. Se le representa tambieacute;n montado en un carro del que tiran chacales. Ra desbancoacute; al primitivo dios Atum. Horus es un guerrero victorioso que todas las mantilde;anas aparece en el horizonte en figura de hermoso joven eacute;ste cruza el cielo y combate contra el demonio de la oscuridad Set que devora la luz. Todos los diacute;as lo vence pero Set recobra sus fuerzas y la lucha se repite al diacute;a siguiente. Horus tambieacute;n representado como el dios halcoacute;n alcanzoacute; una elevada jerarquiacute;a ya en el primer periacute;odo monaacute;rquico. La altura a la que vuela tuvo expresioacute;n en su nombre que significa el de las alturas; y condujo a la institucioacute;n de un dios del cielo.
Se propago la tradicioacute;n que cada rey era la encarnacioacute;n terrena del dios y el nombre Horus se convirtioacute; en uno de los tiacute;tulos reales. Estos dioses no viviacute;an solos cada uno teniacute;a su mujer y su hijo. La diosa era una divinidad del cielo y se le representaba con dos cuernos encima de la cabeza y en medio de ellos apareciendo el disco solar. El dios hijo era representado por lo general como un nintilde;o. Ademaacute;s de estas divinidades celestes los egipcios adoraban a los dioses y las diosas de las cosechas y de las mieses que haciacute;an el suelo fecundo el dios del Nilo las diosas lunas y los demonios maleacute;ficos de la noche que se representaban en forma de gatos o leones. Se adoraba a los dioses beneacute;ficos para pedirles salud y abundancia en las cosechas y a los dioses malos para calmar su coacute;lera. Pero cuando todos los egipcios se hubieron reunido en una nacioacute;n los habitantes de cada ciudad adoptaron los dioses de las demaacute;s ciudades y se formoacute; una religioacute;n comuacute;n en todo el paiacute;s a todo el paiacute;s de la que eran sus dioses principales Osiris e Isis. Seguacute;n la leyenda Osiris adorado primeramente en Abydos era el dios de la luz dios bienhechor enemigo de su hermano Set demonio de la noche. Osiris saliacute;a por la mantilde;ana del Oceacute;ano del cielo; y brillaba durante el diacute;a. Por la noche su hermano Set a causa de sus celos le mata a traicioacute;n y le despedaza. Su mujer Isis lora sobre su cadaacute;ver luego lo entierra Osiris no puede volver a reinar en los cielos. Entonces Osiris enterrado recibe las almas de los muertos este es el tribunal de Osiris. Set cubre la tierra de tinieblas y terror y es asiacute; que el hijo de Osiris y de Isis el joven Horus sale del horizonte en busca de su tiacute;o y venga a su padre. Muchas ciudades pretendiacute;an tener en su santuario uno de los pedazos del cuerpo de Osiris. En todo Egipto se celebraba anualmente una fiesta en honor del dios. En ese diacute;a las mujeres lanzaban gritos y se arrancaban el pelo en memoria de as lamentaciones de Isis. En Sais los sacerdotes representaban en un lago sagrado las escenas de la vida de Osiris su muerte y su resurreccioacute;n. Heroacute;doto asistioacute; a estas representaciones pero estaba prohibido contar lo que alliacute; sucediacute;a.

Animales Sagrados Los egipcios representaban tambieacute;n a sus dioses con cuerpo de animal y cabeza humana. La Esfinge imagen de Harmakhis es un leoacute;n con cabeza humana. Es maacute;s frecuente que el dios tenga cuerpo humano y cabeza de animal. Horus tiene cabeza de gavilaacute;n Thot de ibis Anubis de chacal Ptah de toro Isis es una mujer con cabeza de vaca Sekhet mujer con cabeza de leona. De esta suerte un mismo dios podiacute;a ser representado de cuatro maneras: Horus por ejemplo con forma de gavilaacute;n o con forma de hombre o de gavilaacute;n con cabeza humana o de hombre con cabeza de gavilaacute;n. Adoraban tambieacute;n los egipcios a ciertos animales que consideraban divinos: el leoacute;n el cocodrilo el buey el carnero el chacal el gato el gavilaacute;n la ibis el escarabajo. De estos animales algunos solamente eran adorados en todo Egipto y otros eran sagrados nada maacute;s que para los habitantes de determinadas provincias. Los habitantes de Tebas adoraban a los cocodrilos pero los habitantes de Elefantina los mataban. El hipopoacute;tamo no era considerado divino maacute;s que por los habitantes del Alto Egipto. Estos animales eran sagrados y era un crimen hacerles dantilde;o. En los santuarios se manteniacute;a un animal vivo al que los fieles iban a adorar. Una de las fuentes un doctor de la Iglesia cristiana Clemente de Alejandriacute;a se burlaba de esta costumbre;

Si entraacute;is en un templo un sacerdote se adelanta gravemente entonando un caacute;ntico y levanta un velo para mostraros al dios. iquest;Queacute; veis entonces? un gato un cocodrilo una serpiente o alguacute;n otro animal. El dios de los egipcios aparece es un animal silvestre que se revuelca en un tapiz purpuacute;reo;. Clemente de Alejandriacute;a en: SEIGNOBOS: pp. 46

En Tebas y en Shoduacute; los sacerdotes teniacute;an un cocodrilo domesticado. Les poniacute;an en las orejas anillos de oro o de porcelana y en las patas brazaletes. El viajero de Estraboacute;n que viviacute;a en tiempo de Jesucristo se refiere asiacute; a su visita al cocodrilo de Shoduacute;; Nuestro hueacute;sped cogioacute; tortas pescado asado y una bebida hecha con miel y luego nos condujo al lago. El animal estaba tendido a la orilla. Los sacerdotes se le acercaron dos de ellos le abrieron la boca y otro echo en ellas primero las tortas luego el pescado y por uacute;ltimo el brebaje. El cocodrilo se lanzoacute; al agua y fue a tenderse a la otra orilla. Otro extranjero llegoacute; con la misma ofrenda que nosotros y los sacerdotes la cogieron dieron la vuelta al lago se apoderaron otra vez del cocodrilo y le hicieron tragar la ofrenda del mismo modo;. Ibiacute;d.: pp. 46

En Mendes se adoraba a un macho cabriacute;o; en Helioacute;polis un ave de paso. Los griegos la llamaban feacute;nix.

El buey Apis En Menfis el animal sagrado era el buey Apis. Es el signo preferido de la fecundidad del ganado y de la fuerza: pisotea a sus enemigos. No era un buey comuacute;n teniacute;a que ser negro ostentar en la frente una mancha blanca en forma triangular en el lomo la figura de un aacute;guila en la lengua un ala de escarabajo y los pelos de la cola habiacute;an de ser dobles. Se deciacute;a que naciacute;a de un rayo caiacute;do del cielo. Cuando apareciacute;a un Apis los sacerdotes despueacute;s de haber reconocido las sentilde;ales que ostentaba lo instalaban en una capilla proacute;xima al templo de Ptah y le rendiacute;an culto. Seguacute;n las inscripciones en los templos no debiacute;a vivir maacute;s de veinticinco antilde;os pero si el animal llegaba a esta edad los sacerdotes con gran ceremonia lo ahogaban en una fuente sagrada lo enterraban en un sarcoacute;fago de granito y luego buscaban otro. Culto de Amoacute;n Cuando Tebas llegoacute; a ser capital de Egipto durante la XI dinastiacute;a el dios de esta ciudad Amoacute;n tuvo el maacute;s grande de todos los templos y fue considerado el principal de los dioses. Los sacerdotes lo representaron como un ser perfecto eterno y todopoderoso que ha creado todo y no ha sido creado el padre de los padres la madre de las madres;. Deciacute;an que los demaacute;s dioses habiacute;an sido creados por eacute;l o que eran el mismo dios con otro nombre. Frecuentemente se lo designaba con varios nombres a la vez Amoacute;n Ra Harmakhis. Los sacerdotes cantaban en honor de Amoacute;n himnos en los cuales se ensalzaba su poder. Se lo representa bogando por el cielo en su barca. Los remeros son las almas de los hombres virtuosos un dios va de pie en la proa armado con una lanza y otro dios va al timoacute;n. Posteriormente la figura de Amoacute;n se fusionoacute; con la de la ilustre divinidad solar Ra para constituir un ser divino el dios solar Amoacute;n Ra que bajo la mascara de Amoacute;n reinoacute; hasta el fin de la eacute;poca faraoacute;nica. Solo con la destruccioacute;n de Tebas por los asirios se produjo el ocaso de este culto y Osiris pasoacute; a la categoriacute;a de dios maacute;ximo. Embalsamamiento de cadaacute;veres Los egipcios creiacute;an que cuando un hombre muere algo de eacute;l continuacute;a viviendo. Este algo lo llamaban el doble y lo imaginaban como una especie de sombra o fantasma semejante al cuerpo que se podiacute;a ver pero no tocar. Lo llamaban tambieacute;n alma y lo representaban en forma de gavilaacute;n con cabeza humana que saliacute;a volando de la boca en el momento de la muerte. Pensaban que el alma o doble teniacute;a a su vez la necesidad de un cuerpo y por esta razoacute;n era necesario que se le prestara un servicio a su cadaacute;ver para impedir la descomposicioacute;n del mismo. Heroacute;doto se refiere a como se procediacute;a: Hay en cada ciudad embalsamadores de profesioacute;n. Cuando los parientes del muerto llevan el cuerpo al embalsamador este les muestra modelos pintados de madera y les pregunta cuaacute;l quieren. Hay tres clases de precios diferentes representando el modelo maacute;s caro al dios Osiris. Cuando los parientes han convenido el precio se van pues el embalsamador trabaja en su casa. ;En el embalsamamiento de primera clase empieza por sacar el cerebro hacieacute;ndolo pasar por las narices con un hierro encorvado y disolvieacute;ndolo con un liacute;quido que hace penetrar en la cabeza. Luego abre el costado saca por la abertura los intestinos los lava con vino de palma los espolvorea con aromas machacados. Enseguida llena el vientre de mirra canela y otros perfumes y lo vuelve a coser. Asiacute; preparado el cadaacute;ver es metido en sal sosa por espacio de setenta diacute;as. Pasados estos es lavado y fajado con vendas de tela untadas de goma. Se les devuelve entonces a los parientes que mandan a hacer una caja de madera de la forma del cuerpo humano en la cual se mete al muerto colocaacute;ndolo en una sala de pie apoyado en la pared. ;Para el embalsamamiento de segunda clase se inyecta con una jeringa resina de cedro en el vientre del cadaacute;ver sin hacer abertura ni sacar los intestinos y se tapona para impedir la salida del liacute;quido. Luego el cuerpo permanece setenta diacute;as en sal sosa y cuando se saca se suelta el liacute;quido que sale del vientre arrastrando consigo los intestinos que ha disuelto. La sosa ha devorado las carnes no queda del cuerpo maacute;s que la piel y los huesos. El embalsamador devuelve el cadaacute;ver sin envolverlo. ;El embalsamamiento de tercera clase es el utilizado por los pobres. Se inyecta solamente en el cuerpo un liacute;quido y se mete el cadaacute;ver en sal sosa;. Heroacute;doto en: Ibiacute;d.:pp. 149 Los cadaacute;veres asiacute; preparados son momias. Estas estaacute;n metidas en cajas de madera adornadas con pinturas cajas que reproducen la forma de las estatuas del dios Osiris. Culto a los muertos Creiacute;an los egipcios que el doble del muerto conservaba las mismas necesidades e iguales sentimientos que el individuo vivo que hasta teniacute;a la necesidad de ser alimentado vestido y alojado. Los pobres se contentaban con enterrar las momias en la arena. Los ricos les preparaban un alojamiento la morada eterna. La tumba era como una casa o por lo menos como una habitacioacute;n. En tiempo de las primeras dinastiacute;as el muerto habitaba en una especie de casa llamada mastaba. Durante la IV dinastiacute;a se encontroacute; este abrigo insuficiente y se alojo el muerto en una piraacute;mide. Hay cerca de Menfis toda una ciudad de piraacute;mides alineadas unas como las casas de una calle y las otras dispersas. En las maacute;s majestuosas estaacute;n enterrados los reyes en las otras que le siguen en tamantilde;o y majestuosidad estaacute;n enterrados grandes personajes ya que se necesitaba ser muy rico para poder construir una piraacute;mide. Comuacute;nmente la tumba es un subterraacute;neo construido bajo la arena o en la roca. Delante hay una capillita que se abre al exterior. Cuando se penetra en ella se ve en el fondo una losa de piedra puesta de pie que semeja una puerta cerrada. Al pie hay una mesa baja de piedra en la cual se depositan las ofrendas. Esta capilla es la uacute;nica parte de la tumba en donde tienen derecho a entrar los vivos todo lo demaacute;s pertenece al muerto y no se quiere que se pueda mostrar. Por eso no se ha hecho puerta que conduzca a su morada. Detraacute;s del muro del fondo de la capilla comienza un corredor estrecho y oscuro donde se han puesto las estatuas del muerto. Hay en ocasiones maacute;s de veinte y estaacute;n destinadas a sustituir la momia en caso de que sea destruida: son otros tantos dobles del muerto. En un rincoacute;n se abre un pozo construido con hermosas piedras talladas o excavado en la roca de doce o quince metros de profundidad a veces de treinta. En el fondo del pozo un pasillo pequentilde;o conduce a la verdadera morada del muerto que es una cripta labrada en la roca. En medio se alza un sarcoacute;fago de piedra rojiza negra o blanca. Alliacute; reposa el muerto en perpetuo silencio. Obreros que han bajado al pozo le han depositado y han puesto a su lado grandes vasijas de barro encarnado llenas de agua daacute;tiles trigo cuartos de buey; luego han tapiado la entrada del pasillo y llenado el pozo con piedra partida mezclada con arena o tierra regada con agua. De esta manera nadie puede bajar a la cripta. Al enterrar al muerto se habiacute;an puesto a su lado provisiones porque se creiacute;a que las necesitariacute;a en el maacute;s allaacute;. Pero habiacute;a que renovar estas provisiones y como no era posible bajar a la tumba se depositaban en la capilla que estaba abierta. Se llevaban frutas grasa e incienso y se quemaba todo para que el olor entrase hasta las estatuas. Mas tarde los egipcios creyeron que no era necesario ofrecer al muerto objetos materiales que bastaba rogar a un dios bienhechor que se los diese. Creyeron tambieacute;n los egipcios que bastaba dar al muerto la imagen de los objetos. Las paredes de las capillas estaacute;n cubiertas de pinturas que representan todo lo que se le queriacute;a hacer llegar al difunto. Se ven campesinos que labran siembran y cosechan el trigo obreros que hacen vestidos y calzados carpinteros albantilde;iles juglares y bailarines. Se ve al muerto a la mesa con su mujer o de caza en el desierto o pescando en las lagunas cubiertas de papiros. En la capilla se reuniacute;an en diacute;as determinados los descendientes del muerto y alliacute; haciacute;an una comida fuacute;nebre a la que se suponiacute;a asistiacute;a su antepasado. A los reyes se los adoraba del mismo modo que al dios. Los faraones muertos teniacute;an sacerdotes encargados de guardar su capilla y de celebrar las fiestas funerarias. Juicio de los muertos Llegoacute; un tiempo en que los egipcios dejaron de creer que el alma permanece en la tumba donde se ha colocado el cuerpo. Pensaron que todas las almas iban a reunirse bajo tierra en el sitio donde se pone el sol. En aquel paiacute;s subterraacute;neo el reino del Oeste reinaba el dios Osiris y en eacute;l no admitiacute;a las almas hasta despueacute;s de haberlas juzgado. Al dejar el cuerpo el alma se internaba en las galeriacute;as oscuras para luego ser transportada en una barca por un riacute;o subterraacute;neo. Encontraba al paso demonios de horrible figura que trataban de hacerla pedazos pero los dioses Anubis el dios de los muertos representado con cabeza de chacal y cuerpo de hombre que en el culto de los muertos cuida del embalsamamiento de los cadaacute;veres y es siempre el celador de los cementerios; tambieacute;n uno de los dioses maacute;s importantes del maacute;s allaacute; y Thot dios de la sabiduriacute;a y de la divisioacute;n del tiempo; patroacute;n de los escribas en el reino de los muertos oficiaba de inteacute;rprete representado con cabeza de ibis la guiaban y defendiacute;an. Estos dos intervienen en el juicio de los muertos. Llegaba el muerto al fin ante el tribunal. Osiris lo presidiacute;a rodeado de cuarenta y dos asesores encargados de comprobar si el muerto habiacute;a cometido alguno de los cuarenta y dos principales pecados. Los cuarenta y dos asesores tambieacute;n representaban todas las ciudades de Egipto. Se situaban las acciones del juzgado en la balanza de la justicia y seguacute;n fuesen pesadas o ligeras el alma era condenada o absuelta. El alma condenada caiacute;a en un sitio horrendo y era azotada combatida por la tempestad atormentada por escorpiones y serpientes y acabada por ser aniquilada. El alma que se habiacute;a justificado pasaba todaviacute;a por otras pruebas adoptaba nueva forma de gavilaacute;n de oro de feacute;nix de loto etc.. Habiacute;a de escapar a los espiacute;ritus malvados que tomaban forma de cocodrilos o de serpientes. Al fin era admitida en la compantilde;iacute;a de los dioses y llevaba eternamente una existencia feliz a la sombra de los sicomoros en un ambiente refrescado por las brisas del Norte comiendo a la mesa con Osiris platos preparados por una diosa y respirando perfumes divinos. Queriacute;an los egipcios que el alma en el momento que pasaba a ser juzgada pudiera defender su causa ante Osiris. Colocaban entonces al lado de la momia en el feacute;retro un librillo el Libro de los muertos en que se indicaba todo lo que el alma debiacute;a decir a Osiris y hacer para mantener a los demonios alejados.

Habiacute;a de dirigirse a Osiris en estos teacute;rminos:

iexcl;Homenaje a ti Sentilde;or de verdad y de justicia! He venido a ti oh duentilde;o miacute;o para contemplar tus perfecciones. Conozco tu nombre y el de los cuarenta y dos dioses que estaacute;n contigo.; Libro de los muertos: capiacute;tulo CXXV Luego debiacute;a justificarse: No he cometido ninguacute;n fraude contra los hombres. No he atormentado a la viuda. No he mentido ante el tribunal. No he sido holgazaacute;n… No he hecho lo que es abominable para los dioses. No he quitado las provisiones o las vendas a los muertos. No he alterado las medidas a los granos. No he usurpado la tierra. No he vendido con pesas falsas ni falseado la balanza. No he cazado los rebantilde;os sagrados en sus pastos ni cogido con red las aves divinas ni pescado los peces sagrados. No he cortado un canal. No he rechazado al dios en su procesioacute;n. iexcl;Soy puro soy puro soy puro!; Ibiacute;d. Debiacute;a el alma repetir las mismas frases cuarenta y dos veces a los demaacute;s dioses y luego enumerar sus buenas acciones: Se ha conciliado a Dios por su amor ha dado pan al que teniacute;a hambre agua al que teniacute;a sed vestidos al que estaba desnudo barca al que se veiacute;a detenido en su viaje. Ha ofrecido sacrificios a los dioses comidas fuacute;nebres a los muertos. Libradle no hableacute;is contra eacute;l ante el sentilde;or de los muertos porque su boca es pura y sus manos son puras;. Ibiacute;d. Casi todas las tumbas a partir de la IX dinastiacute;a poseen un ejemplar de este libro. Muchas veces se reproduciacute;an pasajes de eacute;l en las paredes estatuas incluso en los feacute;retros.

Bibliografiacute;a

BOTTEacute;RO J CASSIN y E. VERCOUTTER J. Los imperios del Antiguo Oriente III. Editorial Siglo Veintiuno Meacute;xico Argentina Espantilde;a 1972.

GRIMAL Nicolaacute;s. Historia del Antiguo Egipto. Akal Ediciones Madrid Espantilde;a 1996.

HEROacute;DOTO. Heroacute;doto; Libro II. Texto revisado y traducido por Berenger Jaime Volumen II Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientiacute;ficas Madrid Barcelona MCMLXXI 1971.

Libro De Los Muertos. Editorial de Ciencias Sociales 1979 La Habana.

NACK Emil Egipto y el proacute;ximo oriente en la antiguuml;edad Alianza Editorial.

SANMARTIacute;N Joaquiacute;n. SERRANO Joseacute; Miguel. Historia Antigua del Proacute;ximo Oriente. Akal Textos Madrid Espantilde;a 1998.

SEIGNOBOS Charles. Historia universal: Historia Antigua. Oriente y Grecia. Editorial Juan Carlos Granda Buenos Aires Tomo I 1973.

About the writer:  Agustiacute;n Vicente Startari nacioacute; en Montevideo Uruguay el 29 de Septiembre de 1982. Desde su infancia se ha interesado siempre por la escritura la historia y el conocimiento cientiacute;fico. Tras realizar la Ensentilde;anza Secundaria Obligatoria decide estudiar la rama del bachillerato de Derecho. Luego de finalizar el mismo Agustiacute;n V. Startari deja de lado temporalmente la escritura y se concentra en sus estudios acadeacute;micos ingresando a la Universidad de la Repuacute;blica especiacute;ficamente a la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educacioacute;n. Sus primeros pasos los daraacute; en la carrera de Ciencias Histoacute;ricas pero seraacute; aproximadamente en Marzo de 2005 cuando decide ampliar su proyeccioacute;n de estudios ingresando a la Licenciatura en Linguuml;iacute;stica doacute;nde encontraraacute; su verdadera pasioacute;n en el conocimiento del lenguaje. Varios son sus trabajos de investigacioacute;n realizados en ambas licenciaturas sumadas a algunas obras ficcionales sin publicar auacute;n. Actualmente se encuentra trabajando en proyectos literarios que abarcan la ficcioacute;n y la divulgacioacute;n de la cultura cientiacute;fica.

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Awards of Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry
The deposed chief justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry has been awarded by Doctors for Democracy DD and Association of Pakistani Physicians of North America APPNA on Sunday for his struggle regarding supremacy of law and constitution in Pakistan.

Earlier Justice Iftikhar was accorded a war welcome by the participants on his arrival to the conference.

Addressing the participants head of DD Majid Chaudhry and APPNA President Arshad Bagu paid tribute to the deposed chief justice for his struggle about restoration of judiciary.

They were of the view that Justice Chuadhry was sacked because he was redressing the complaints of oppressed and vulnerable sections of the society.

Speaking on this occasion deposed CJP spokesman Athar Minallah dispelled the impression that movement had weakened. He said that justice Itikhar was being accused of doing politics.

If the struggle of supremacy of constitution and restoration of free judiciary is politics then lawyers will continue to do such politics he vowed.

Chief Justice Iftikhar Mohammad Chaudhry has been nominated for the Nobel Prize said SCBA President Aitzaz Ahsan which he added was a great honour not only for him but for the entire country.

The SCBA President said that the entire world had acknowledged the services of desposed Chief Justice Iftikhar Mohammad Chaudhry for the rule of law and independence of the judiciary.

Besides this the Medal of Freedom has been conferred on him by one of the most prestigious universities in the world Harvard which is an honour bestowed only on two other persons before him South Africas Nelson Mandela and Thurgood Marshal in the overtwo hundred year history of the university. He added that the New York Bar the worlds largest bar had also awarded a lifetime honorary membership to the desposed CJP in recognition of his services to the rule of law.

He said that it was cruel irony that at a time when the world was acknowledging the deposed CJPs services and showering honours and laurels on him he was kept nonfunctional in his own country by two successive governments.

Some other awards he got

Doctors associations give awards to deposed CJP.

About the writer:  Muhammad Bilal Sarwai is one more name who is looking to be part of history. PakistanLaw is example of his hard work www.PakistanLaw.net

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Did you know that 8 of major league basketball players were on ADD attention deficit disorder psychostimulant medication during the 2008 season? They had to get exemptions because these drugs are normally banned in the major league games. ADD Attention Deficit Disorder is an umbrella term for behavioural disorders among both children and adults and the side effects of these drugs have been the source of a controversial debate. Other conditions which fall under this umbrella are attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD and ODD which stands for Oppositional Defiant Disorder.

Strattera Comes Under Fire
There is a heated debate in the Australian Parliament at the moment about one of these drugs for attention deficit disorder which is called Strattera. There have been 56 reports that Starattera can cause suicidal thoughts and even cause patients to inflict injuries on themselves. Under the Australian Health Scheme the government has funded resources for this drug to the tune of 100 million dollars to cover the period 2004 2007. Debate has raged on whether the government should be spending such a lot of money on a drug which can lead to suicides especially as they have now added in an a higher dose version of the drug! There must be a safer way and it is outlined below.

ADHD Alternative Therapy
ADHD is the type of disorder where hyperactivity is a prevalent symptom although it may coexist with inattentive ADHD where the child/or adult is spaced out and has great problems in focusing and concentration. Inefficient and messy multitasking may well be a symptom of this behaviour disorder. As well as treating this condition with one of several drugs similar to Stattera Ritalin Concerta and Adderall are others there are several other alternative therapies which can either replace these potentially harmful drugs or be used in conjunction with other therapies.

Exercise Is Great For Hyperactive Children
Exercise for hyperactive kids has had a good deal of publicity lately. A recent study carried out by the State University of New York at Buffalo showed that exercise had a beneficial effect on the children’s behaviour and attention deficit disorder problems were much reduced after the exercise program had finished. The children who were tested were aged between 5 and 12 and they had to do just forty minutes of exercise for 5 days a week for a six week period. The experts there believe that when we exercise positive changes occur in brain chemistry. We also know that aerobic exercise releases the ‘feelgood’ endorphins which increase feelings of pleasure. Other neurotransmitters affect mood anxiety and attention span.This explains why hyperactive kids are always more manageable after a period of exercise.

The problem is that the children of today lead increasingly sedentary lives and the only parts of the body exercise are the wrists and the hands ! Apart from parenting techniques diet and exercise there are difficult decisions to take about which treatment can be adopted for attention deficit disorder.

Obviously more and more parents are becoming alarmed at the side effects of ADHD psychostimulants. What is the alternative ? The link below will take you to a site which has all the answers for a safe attention deficit disorder therapy which will guarantee a quiet life for all the family.

About the writer:nbsp;nbsp;Robert Locke is a Health enthusiast who specializes in Children’s Health. He has written extensively on ADHD.
Discover what ADHD Alternative Therapy is available.

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